An analysis of history on TV in the Netherlands

Written by Laura Steenbrink
Edited by Steven Stegers

Introduction

This analysis is part of the project “Media and History. From cinema to the web. Studying, representing and teaching European history in the digital age”, coordinated by Instituto per la Storia e le Memorie del ‘900 Parri. This analysis has been created by Laura Steenbrink, with contributions of Rick Hoefsloot, Bjorn Pels, Joyce Schäftlein, Romana Sijakovic and Steven Stegers.

The analysis gives an impression of how history is represented on television and on the internet in The Netherlands. The analysis consists of an overview of the general offer of history on television in the Netherlands, a description of historically significant days for the Netherlands, a comparison between the history programmes and of the posts on social media on these historically significant days, and a comparison between the news broadcasts on the National Remembrance Day and Europe Day.

The TV offer – A general impression of the offer of history on Dutch television

In the Netherlands, everybody with access to television has access to the public channels, NPO1, NPO2, and NPO3.[1] Most people with access to TV also have access to a large variety of commercial TV channels, of which RTL is the biggest and most watched.[2] The public channels are freely accessible for everyone via the internet.[3] The programmes of the public network are co-financed by the general taxes. The commercial channels are part of a package deal, and only available to paid customers of TV providers such as Ziggo, UPC and KPN.

The main history offer in the Netherlands consists of history documentaries that are produced in the Netherlands, co-funded by public money, and broadcasted on public channels. In addition, there are international productions, consisting of historical movies (mostly blockbusters from Hollywood), and some history documentaries.

The most important and well-known history programme is Andere Tijden (different times), which has been broadcasted since 10 March 2000.[4] This weekly show, which is every year broadcasted during several months, covers a large variety of Dutch historical events and developments, looking at social, cultural, economic history as well as political and military history. In a typical episode, the presenter, who is also a historian, introduces a topic and goes on a quest to find more information. This information is then provided through interviews with experts and eyewitnesses (both ordinary people and decision makers), and complemented with original footage and voice over (by the presenter). During large sport events, the show transform itself into Andere Tijden Sport, in which it then covers the stories behind historical sport moments in the Dutch collective memory.

In additional to Andere Tijden, several history documentaries focused on Dutch history have been produced. These documentaries focussed on topics as ‘The Golden century’[5], ‘The Iron century’[6], ‘Slavery’[7], and ‘Liberation’[8]. These large productions have dealt with different aspects of Dutch national history, from the so-called golden age (17^th Century), to the Dutch slave trade, to the industrial revolution, to the Second World War. To mark the 200-year anniversary of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, several programmes were made about on history of the royal family. These were Het koninkrijk (the Kingdom)[9], Drie Vorstinnen (Three Queens)[10], and Drie Koningen (Three Kings)[11].

The history documentaries produced in the Netherlands tend to focus on national history, but there has been one notable exception: the documentary series In Europa, (in Europe).[12] This programme was based on the book by the same name written by the Dutch historian Geert Mak, who also presents the TV programme. It covers the whole of the European history in the twentieth century, for which Mak travels throughout Europe and interviews eyewitnesses and relatives of historical events, and also visits places of memory. The ‘In Europe’ TV series received wide critical acclaim and has been broadcasted in other countries as well.

There was a digital national history channel (that subscribers to cable television could access), which broadcasted the programmes mentioned above and special feature programmes. However, this digital channel has not been available since 2012. Most programmes can now be seen on online on either http://www.npo.nl/ or http://anderetijden.nl/.

In the last decade, several commercial movie productions focused on history. This trend started with the movie Zwartboek (Black Book) that was produced in 2006 and is to date the most expensive movie produced in the Netherlands of all time, and which was a commercial success. [13] Zwartboek tells the story of a Jewish woman during the Second World War, who attempts to evade deportation, to help the resistance, and who has a relationship with an SS officer. One historian, J.C.H. Blom, wrote in his review, that although he found Zwartboek to be a good movie, viewers should not take the phrase ‘inspired by true events’ too literal. [14] In terms of popular culture, the focus of Zwartboek on the Second World War, and the Dutch resistance in particular, fits in a longer tradition. Especially in the field of literature, the Second World War has been by far the most common history topic.

A more recent example of a commercial movie produced in the Netherlands and focussed on history is Michiel de Ruyter (published in English under the title ‘The Admiral’ in 2015)[15]. This movie is about Michiel de Ruyter, who is most known for the navel battles he fought against the British in the 17^th Century. The release Michiel de Ruyter triggered a protest by a group that called Michiel de Rover (Rover means robber, and is a play on words, see Image 1). This group found it problematic that no attention was given in the movie to slavery. This triggered further debate amongst historians, some of whom argued that Michiel de Ruyter should be judged in the context of his time, and some of whom argued that he did conquer back forts that were enabled slavery to take place.[16] The debate was also pick up by some media, including radio, typically asking viewers for their opinions.

Image 1. Cover of the Michiel de Rover Facebook page. The text in red says “Michiel the Robber is not my hero”. The text in yellow reads: Don’t honour De Ruyter, honour the resistance against slavery instead! Away with the VOC mentality![17] Stop glorifying racism and colonialism!

Other recent commercial movies on history produced in the Netherlands are ‘Kenau’ (2014) [18] telling the story of a Dutch heroine fighting in the 80 years’ war against the Spanish, and ‘Nova Zembla’ (2011)[19], focussed on the passage through the artic of Willem Barents. These movies, all focused on national history, have quite a relatively large viewing audience, Zwartboek was the first Dutch movie to have more than 1 million movie theatre visitors, and the others averaged between 250.000 and 700.000.[20]

History on TV during a “typical week”

To give an impression of the history offer on TV. The project team agreed to look in more detail at a typical week of TV. This means that there should be no holidays or national remembrance days during this week. For our analysis, we analysed the programmes that were on offer on from 17 June – 23 June 2016.

All TV programs that were broadcasted during this week that related to history were broadcasted on one of the national, financed by public money, non-commercial, public channels. During this week, there were 6 programs broadcasted related to history. Four of these programs were part of a documentary type series, called De Strijd (“The Battle”) describing the emergence of the labour movement in the Netherlands. The other history related offer consisted of a a movie, The Young Victoria[21], an anglo-american production about the early life of Queen Victoria (ruler of the United Kingdom from 1837 – 1901), and one other documentary called Drie Vorstinnen van Oranje (“Three female sovereigns of Orange”) that is part of a series. The episode this week focused on Queen Wilhelmina (of the Netherlands from 1890 – 1948).

Except one movie, all history related programs are documentaries. The topics are related to the history of the 19^th and 20^th century. None of the programs focuses on one specific event, as many programmes highlight a broader theme, rather than a specific historical moment. The people that account for the past in the programs vary from witnesses, to voiceovers, actors to historians. Almost all programs that we presented where analytical in the senses that the topic or issue of the documentary is looked at from different perspectives. With the exception of the Young Victoria movie, all programs broadcasted this week, were co-financed with public money. This could imply that not many commercial channels think it would be profitable to broadcast or produce programs that are related to history. Finally, the viewing statistics are relatively low. The history programmes had between 50.000 and 311.000 viewers (for Drie Vorstinnen van Oranje). An overview of the complete history offer during this week can be found in Table 1 below.

Table 1. The history offer on TV during a “typical week”

Number of viewers	Name of the programme	Time and Date	Channel	Type	Who accounts for the past	Approach[22]
311,000	Drie Vorstinnen van Oranje	18 June 2016, 19:35 – 20:15	NPO 1	Documentary	Historian(s)	Analytical
144,000	Young Victoria	17 June 2016, 23:40 – 01:30	NPO 2	Film	Actors	Emotional
113,000	De Strijd: De Gouden Eeuw van de Arbeider	20 June 2016, 16:08 – 17:00	NPO 2	Documentary	Witness(es)	Thematic
59,000	De Strijd: De Gouden Eeuw van de Arbeider	17 June 2016, 16:10 – 16:55	NPO 2	Documentary	Witness(es), Voice-over/presentator, Socialists	Analytical
59,000	De Strijd: De Gouden Eeuw van de Arbeider	21 June 2016, 16:05 – 16:50	NPO 2	Documentary	Witness(es), Voice-over/presentator	Analytical
50,000	De Strijd: De Gouden Eeuw van de Arbeider	22 June 2016, 16:10 – 16:55	NPO 2	Documentary	Voice-over/presentator, Politician	Analytical

A “typical week” of TV on the History Channel

In the Netherlands, there is no national channel completely related to history. There is an online channel that is part of the public channel NPO 2, but that channel is not completely devoted to history. The TV programs on NPO 2 that are related to history are already described in the section above. Almost all packages have the American History channel, but we decided not to research that here because it does not represent the offer of history on Dutch television.

The most popular TV programme related to history

The most watched TV program related to history, as proved by the viewing statistics provided by Stichting Kijkonderzoek[23], the organization that does research to the viewing statistics in the Netherlands, is De Gouden Eeuw (The Golden Age, see the more in-depth description below). The complete season of De Gouden Eeuw had an average of 774.000 viewers per week.[24] The series was broadcasted from 11 December 2012 – 5 March 2013 on NPO2, one of the public channels. The second most watched TV programme related to history is Verborgen Verleden. It had on average of around 600.000 viewers every week.[25] This program is still running (a seventh season to be made in 2017 is already announced) and is based on the format of “Who do you think you are”, the British TV program where celebrities go on a trip to find out interesting stories about the origins of their family.

In sum, the history offer on TV in the Netherlands consists mainly of history documentaries focussed on different aspects of national history, made with the support of the government. There are also commercial movies related to national history, reaching different audiences, typically focussed national heroes. There is little attention for history that is not directly related to the history of the Netherlands.

Remembrance days in the Netherlands

Description of the Remembrance Days

There are several National Remembrance Days in The Netherlands. For this analysis, we focused on the 4 and 5 May Remembrance Day (commemorating the end of World War 2 for the Netherlands) and the 1 July Remembrance Day (commemorating the abolition of slavery in Surinam and the Antilles, who were then Dutch colonies).

The 4 May Remembrance Day commemorates the all Dutch victims of war since the beginning of the Second World War.[28] The 4 May commemoration includes a national remembrance ceremony takes place every year in Amsterdam at Dam Square. Everybody in the country is asked to pay respect by holding a two-minute silence at 20.00. The 5 May Remembrance Day commemorates the liberation of the Netherlands from Nazi German occupation in 1945. 5 May is a public holiday every five years but this year it coincidentally was together with Accession Day, so it was a public holiday this year as well. 5 May is being celebrated through a series of festivals and concerts across the country. A national concert is held on a canal in Amsterdam, attended by several members of the royal family. Both 4 and 5 May Remembrance Days are being organised by the National Committee 4 and 5 May, a foundation funded by the government. [29]

The 1 July Remembrance Day commemorates the abolition of slavery in Surinam and the Antilles by the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1863. The abolition of slavery consists of a ceremony at the Slavery Monument in the Oosterpark in Amsterdam, and festivals named Keti Koti (meaning “the chains are cut” in Surinamese) in different cities. Since 2016 the remembrance ceremony and the festival are held at different days (30 June for the ceremony and 1 July for the festival).[30] As was the case with celebrating the end of WW2, it was seen fit to not have remembering and celebrating in one day. The remembrance activities are organised by the National Institute Dutch Slavery History and Heritage (NiNsee) and Foundation Amsterdam Centre.

The TV offer on the chosen Remembrance Days

On 4 May 2016, twelve programs paid attention to the Remembrance Day for at least part of the programme, of which eight programmes were broadcasted especially for the occasion of the Remembrance Day. The offer consisted of three daily talk shows, one news broadcast, two reportages of remembrance ceremonies, four documentary type programs and three theatre related programs. In addition to this, several movies related to the history of the Second World War, such as Schindler’s List and The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas were broadcasted on commercial channels. Of the twelve programs described above, the best viewed program was the national remembrance ceremony, which was viewed by 2.560.000 people.[31] The most viewed TV documentary type programme on the National Remembrance Day, viewed by 810,000 viewers, was ‘De Onderduikkinderen van Utrecht’ broadcasted on NPO2, one of the public channels, from 20:30 – 21:00 (see more in-depth description below).

On several programmes, the discussion #geen4meivoormij/#wel4meivoormij that is described in the analysis of social media is mentioned. Most programmes adopt an emotional approach and focus on remembrance as main theme of the programme (see Table 2). One documentary has an analytical approach, showing not only the story of the victims, but also of the helpers and the view of a historian are taken in account. One talk show also has an analytical approach, enabling multiple people explain their experience and give their opinion and insight into the topic of anti-Semitism. Although most of them are Jewish, they do have multiple perspectives on various topics, for example about the meaning of their religion nowadays. Some of them also approach the topic in a multiperspectivity and analytical way and bring nuance to the discussion. An overview of the complete offer of programmes related to the victims of World War 2 and other can be seen in Table 2 below.

Table 2. The history offer on TV related to 4 May Remembrance Day

Number of viewers	Name of the programme	Time and Date	Channel	Type	Who accounts for the past	Approach[32]
2,560,000	Nationale Herdenking 2016	4 May 2016, 19:30 – 20:10	NPO 1	Reportage	Well-known individual(s), Voice-over/presentator, Civilians	Descriptive and emotional
1,117,000	De Wereld Draait Door	4 May 2016, 19:00-20:00	NPO 1	Talkshow	Well-known individual(s), Journalist(s), Witness(es)	Emotional
992,000	News Broadcast of the National Broadcast Foundation of the Netherlands	4 May 2016, 18:00 – 18:25	NPO 1	News	Journalist(s), Voice-over/presentator, Museum Staff	Emotional
810,000	De Onderduikkinderen van Utrecht	4 May 2016, 20:30-21:00	NPO 2	Documentary	Historian(s), Witness(es)	Analytical
863,000	Dodenherdenking Waalsdorpervlakte	4 May 2016, 19:49-20:10	RTL 4	Reportage	Witness(es), Voice-over/presentator	Emotional
718,000	RTL Late Night	4 May 2016, 22:30 – 23:40	RTL 4	Talkshow	Witness(es)	Emotional
659,000	Pauw	4 May 2016, 22:45-23:45	NPO 1	Talkshow	Well-known individual(s), Journalist(s), Author(s), rabbi	Analytical
610,000	Andere Tijden Special: De laatste verzetsstrijders	4 May 2016 – 21:00-22:00	NPO 2	Documentary	Witness(es)	Emotional
341,000	NOS Vuur van de Vrijheid	4 May 2016, 00:30-01:10	NPO 1	Theater show	Voice-over/presentator	Emotional
197,000	Maliebaanmonologen	4 May 2016, 22:45-23:05	NPO 2	monologue	Actor	Emotional
146,000	Debby Petter: Ik ben er nog	4 May 2016, 23:05 – 23:55	NPO 2	Theatre performance	Actress performing the witness story of her mother	Emotional
111,000	NOS Jules Schelvis (extra broadcast)	4 May 2016, 16:12-16:38	NPO 1	Documentary	Historian(s), Journalist(s), Witness(es)	Thematic and emotional

 

On 5 May, there were eight programs that were either completely or partially related to the liberation of the Netherlands. We analysed three talk shows, one news reel, one documentary type program and four other programs. These other programs were broadcasted only on this day so were not part of a series. They were all focused on how the day is celebrated in the Netherlands. The most watched programme of these was the national news broadcasted at 20.00 (viewed by 1,777,000).  The most watched TV documentary type programme related to the end of WW2 was Maliebaanmonologen, broadcasted on NPO2, one of the public channels from 22:45-23:00 (see more in-depth information below).

Almost all programs are more dedicated to how people are celebrating Liberation Day, than on the actual history. Not all talk shows dedicated their whole show to the liberation, for example De Wereld Draait Door was more focused on the 21^st century than the Second World War. The news broadcasts made only one historical reference when it showed a temporary monument that was made in Amsterdam in the form of a bridge crossing the IJ remembering the so-called Hunger Bridge of 1945 made of ferries that had run out of fuel to connect the Northern part of Amsterdam with the rest of Amsterdam to bring enable the transport of food.[33] The rest of the item addressing the liberation, solely focussed on all the festivals and events that happened throughout the Netherlands. The only program that was broadcasted on a commercial channel (RTL Late Night) and mentioned Liberation Day, made no historical reference at all. One-fifth of the talk show was dedicated to Liberation Day, and only touched upon the concept of freedom without historical references being made. An overview of the complete offer of programmes related to the Liberation of the Netherlands in 1945 can be seen in Table 3 below.

Table 3. The history offer on TV related to 5 May Remembrance Day

Number of viewers	Name of the programme	Time and Date	Channel	Type	Who accounts for the past	Approach[34]
1,777,000	NOS Journaal	5 May 2016, 20:00 – 20:25	NPO 1	News	Journalist(s), Voice-over/presentator	Thematic
1,548,000	NOS Bevrijdingsdag: Concert op de Amstel	5 May 2016, 20:20 – 22:05	NPO 1	Concert	Well-known individual(s), Journalist(s), Author(s), Witness(es)	Thematic
898,000	RTL Late Night	5 May 2016, 22:30 – 23:40	RTL 4	Talkshow	Mucisians	Emotional
882,000	De Wereld Draait Door	5 May 2016, 19:00 – 20:00	NPO 1	Talkshow	Historian(s), Well-known individual(s), Journalist(s)	Analytical
231,000	Nationale viering bevrijding 2016	5 May 2016, 11:00 – 12:00	NPO 1	Both lecture and talkshow	Journalist(s), Witness(es), Voice-over/presentator	Analytical
163,000	Pauw	5 May 2016, 22:50 – 23:40	NPO 1	Talkshow	Well-known individual(s), Author(s)	Emotional
106,000	NOS Artiesten voor de Vrijheid 2016	5 May 2016, 23:25 – 23:50	NPO 3	Reportage	Voice-over/presentator	Thematic

 

For the 30 June/1 July Remembrance Days commemorating the Abolition of Slavery in Suriname and the Antilles, three programmes related to this occasion were broadcasted on TV. On 30 June, the remembrance ceremony was broadcasted, and around 5 minutes of the national 30-minute news broadcast of 20.00 pm was viewed by 1.698.000 people. [35] The program that showed the remembrance ceremony was viewed by 95.000 people, and was broadcasted late in the evening. On 1 July, there was no coverage at all on the national television, including not in the long version of the national news broadcast. Except for the news items, there was not special TV programme fully or partially related to the abolition of slavery, neither on the public channels, nor on the commercial channels. An overview of the complete offer of programmes related to the abolition of slavery can be seen in Table 4 below.

Table 4. The history offer on TV related to 30 June / 1 July Remembrance Day

Number of viewers	Name of the programme	Time and Date	Channel	Type	Who accounts for the past	Approach[36]
1,992,000	NOS Journaal	30 June 2016, 20:00-20:30	NPO 1	News	Voice-over/presentator	Thematic
1,698,000	NOS Journaal	1 July 2016, 20:00 – 20:30	NPO 1	News	None	Thematic
95,000	NOS Herdenking Slavernijverleden	30 Juni 2016, 23:40-00:15	NPO 2	News	Voice-over/presentator	Analytical

Of all three Remembrance Days, the Remembrance Day that is commemorating the Dutch victims of wars since the Second World War receives most coverage on TV. Whereas the broadcast of the Remembrance Ceremony of 4 May was watched by 2.560.000, the Remembrance Ceremony of 30 June, was watched by 95.000. The difference in time of the broadcast – the 30 June ceremony was broadcasted at 23:40 – 00:15 – is likely to be part of the explanation why less viewers watched this ceremony compared to the ceremony on 4 May. The history offer related to the Remembrance Days are almost exclusive made by national institutes and co-funded by the government.

Social Media coverage of 4 May and 5 May 2016

This part of the analysis focuses on the social media coverage of history related to the 4 and 5 May National Remembrance Days in The Netherlands in 2016.[37] The analysis is based on all Twitter and Facebook posts using the hashtags #4mei (4May), #dodenherdenking (Remembrance Day), #geen4meivoormij (No 4 May for Me) and #wel4meivoormij (4 May for Me). These were the hashtags that were trending and related to the National Remembrance Days just before, during, and just after 4 May and 5 May in 2016.

#Geen4meivoormij: In 2016, the National Remembrance Day of 4 May in the Netherlands became a topic for debate when a Facebook post by Christa Noëlla, a 22-year old woman from the Netherlands, went viral, and triggered many positive and negative reactions.[38] In the post (see image 1) you can see her holding a paper with the text “Geen 4 mei voor mij” (No 4 May for me). In her post Christa argued that National Remembrance Day should become more inclusive and remember a wider range of victims, in particular the victims from Dutch slavery through the centuries and argued that she found the commemoration meaningless in the face of the rise of facism and islamophobia. The full texts is included as Annex 1. In an interview with the NRC, Christa Noëlla is quoted explaining her background: “My father is Suriname-Javanese. My grandparents were shipped to Surinam in 1930 to do the work that was previously done by enslaved people. I have a Dutch mother whose grandparents were in hiding during the Second World War”.[39]

#wel4meivoormij: The counter reaction that got most attention, was a Facebook post by Brian, a 36-year-old vocalist and songwriter, who introduced the hashtag #wel4meivoormij (4 May for me) (see Image 2). The post by Christa Noëlla, the reaction of Brian and the reactions they got, were picked up by the national news broadcaster, several newspapers.[40] The debates related to these posts dominated the discussions on social media and online forums in the days leading up to 4 May.[41]

Image 2. The Facebook post of Christa Noëlla (above) and the reaction of Brian (below). Full texts of both posts are included to this analysis in Annex I.

Common reactions: In both camps, the language used by a large portion of the people who reacted was offensive and insensitive. However, there were also more moderate reactions, such as the one by Harriet Duurvoort, a columnist at the newspaper De Volkskrant and very active on Twitter, who asked to stop the campaign on the grounds that Christa Noëlla and the people who started the campaign, had hurt many people, victims or families of victims of the Holocaust “deep in their soul”.[42] Duurvoort emphasized that also she supports more attention to the victims and remembrance of slavery, but that this should not be done in the way of #Geen4meivoormij did.

Those who supported the #geen4meivoormij campaign argued that the organisers of the 4 May National Remembrance Day took a one-sided approach and did not pay enough attention to other victims that the victims of the Second World War (from the Netherlands). Especially the relative lack of attention towards the victims of the Dutch colonies and the victims of slavery, were frequently criticised in the pro-camp. Other posts from the pro-camp pointed towards other societal issues, such as the lack to support refugees, the discussion on Black Pete[43] and islamophobia (see Image 3). The kind of negative reactions (including many expressions of hate speech) towards Christa Noëlla and supporters of the #geen4meivoormij campaign were used to supported the claim that 4 May Remembrance Day was led by people that only care about their own community and have low moral standards. Ironically, several of these accusation-type of posts were also insensitive and hurtful.

Image 3. This Facebook post “Nothing has changed”, compares discrimination of Jews in the Second World War with hate speech towards Muslims in the Netherlands. Both murals call for religious communities to go away, first the Jews (upper picture), then the Muslims (lower picture).

In an interview by the Robinson Report, that was made after the post went viral, Christa Noëlla summarises her stance by stating that she does not want that history is being viewed “from one side, that history is being told as a whole. 4 May is Eurocentric, shedding light on the Holocaust, but not on colonial history. We demonstrate to the colonial propaganda of the Golden Carriage.[44] 4 May and the two minutes of silence symbolize the rise of fascism and suppression of the past.”

Image 4. An example of a hate speech comment directed to Christa Noëlla.

Christa Noëlla received an enormous amount of reactions, including many cases of hate speech (see Image 4), thereby giving reasons for the #geen4meivoormij to say that they were right in their claim that those who celebrate 4 May are insensitive towards others. Several supporters of the #wel4meivoormij campaign pointed out that having one day the remembers the victims of the Second World War, does not mean there is no space to remember other victims, and that remembering other people can be done on other days.

Image 5. The text reads: “The group #geen4meivoormij does not deserve my respect. I think about and remember the people that have suffered, have lost, have been through a lot and fought for our freedom. Because it can never be forgotten, and every form of war is senseless. Both then and now.” The text on the image underneath the post says “I am silent for 2 minutes on 4 May. And [what about} you? Freedom is something that you pass on.”

Other supporters of the #wel4meivoormij campaign complained about the lack of respect that the #geen4meivoormij campaign had for people that died during the Second World War and people who lost relatives in the war (see Image 5) or took a more defensive stance and accused the #geen4meivoormij campaign trying to destroy a piece of Dutch tradition (see Image 6).

Image 6. “I have to get something of my chest. I am quite shocked by the people of #geen4meivoormij. The lady who started it, appears to be this extreme left person who wants to establish a new kind of Black Panther movement through scaring and shaming the kids who love Black Pete. Sometimes I really wonder in what kind of country we are living. If these freaks are supposed to be our future… I then fear the day my handicapped son will have to continue living when we (Tanya and myself) won’t be here anymore. This garbage people has no respect what so ever for people that think differently, nor for the older generation that had to fight for our freedom. My father has survived the war. I was close though, as he was a member of the resistance. The stories he told, I still remember vividly. He also took me to the cemeteries when I was still a kid. I will never forget those days. Millions of people died! (at least 40 million) We owe our freedom to them. On the 4th of May, I will be quiet for 2 minutes. Tomorrow I will think of the impressing stories my father, who unfortunately died in 2005, told me. I hope that all people in the Netherlands will now see how bad these Black Pete haters are. Their only goal is to spread hate. They are themselves the fascists and racists, but they claim the opposite. This is precisely what W Churchill warned us about just after the war. I think that this will help to show their true colours. But still I wonder what part of the Dutch tradition they will try to destroy next.”

The president of the 4 and 5 May National Remembrance Committee, Gerdi Verbeet (who is also a politician of the Labour Party in the Netherlands, the PvdA), reacted to the debate raised by the #geen4meivoormij post by Christa Noëlla as well. Gerdi Verbeet, said that the issues that [Christa] Noëlla raised are legitimate and deserve attention, but that they should be at the centre of the 4 May celebration, arguing that 4 May is explicitly for those people who gave their lives for the freedom of the Dutch people. Instead Gerdi Verbeet emphasised the need for refugees to know what is being remembered on 4 May (See Image 7).

Image 7. A post by the national broadcaster summarising the reaction of Gerdi Verbeet, (president of the 4 and 5 May National Remembrance Committee) to the post by Christa Noëlla.

Posts related to the 4 May Natioanal Remembrance Day that were not part of the #geen4meivoormij post by Christa Noëlla were mostly written to encourage others to respect the 2 minutes’ silence or explained why someone decided to be silent for 2 minutes (see for example Image 8).

Image 8. “On 4 May, 20.00, I am quiet for two minutes. That is what I can do for all people that died for our freedom. To show that I am grateful for what they did for us. And for what they are still doing, somewhere in the world. Freedom, pass it on.”

Most posts related to the 5 May National Remembrance Day, in contrast to the posts related to the 4 May National Remembrance Day where not about the actual meaning of the day. Frequently, the nature of the Remembrance Day was implicit when references were made to freedom and its celebration (through posting images, poems or thoughts) but these were done without historical references (See for example Image 10). More frequently, people were using social media to just share what they were doing on this particular day, such as going to one of the many festivals, concerts or just enjoying their public holiday (See for example Image 9).

Image 9. A post from Van Velzen (a well-known singer who was also a judge on the tv-shows ‘The Voice of Holland’ and ‘the X-factor’), expressing that it is very festive (read as: an honour) to play at two of the state supported freedom festivals (commemorating the liberation of the Netherlands in 1945).

Image 10. “CELEBRATE TODAY THAT WE ARE FREE. As hard as you can. Because it is not a given thing. #5mei”

In contrast to the individuals that were posting about their feelings or activities during the day, institutes were making historical references related to the meaning of 5 May. For example, the Rijksmuseum posted a digital copy of a poster made to celebrate the liberation of the Netherlands on 5 May 1945 (See Image 11).

Image 11. Post by the Rijksmuseum: “Object of the day: festive in the honour of the liberation of the Netherlands on 5 May 1945”. The text on the poster reads: “It was Orange up. It stays Orange up. 10 May 1940 – 5 May 1945.” Orange refers to the name of the Royal Family of the Netherlands (the house of Orange). Up means that the banner of the house of Orange is above the tri-colour flag of the Netherlands. In order words the message of the poster is that it is good that the royal family is back (in power).

There was no large discussion or an ongoing debate on social media on the 5 May Remembrance Day, which made the posts more positive and less open to debate. There were a few exceptions, like the supporters for the right-wing Party of the Freedom (PVV) that lead to a few critical comments on their post with the national flag (see Image 12), but this was more about nationalism than about history and remembrance.

Image 12. Post by self-proclaimed PVV supporters (referring to the Party for Freedom Movement of populist politician Geert Wilders) “The Netherlands. Our flag, our country, our freedom.”

There were specifically history-related references honouring individuals who fought for the Netherlands during Second World War. Image 13, for example, is honouring a group of paratroopers that jumped into France on D-Day. It was shared 106 times and is dedicated to a group of.

Image 13. “Amazing picture of real heroes!”

Overall, there were more posts on social media related to 4 May Remembrance Day than then 5 May Remembrance Day. This is largely due to the debate between the #geen4meivoormij and the #wel4meivoormij campaigns. Posts that were not related to this debate, the post related to 4 May were more solemn, about silence and about remembering what happened in the past, and most posts about 5 May were positive, focussed on the celebration of freedom, completely in linte with the nature of both days.

News broadcasts on National Remembrance Day and Europe Day

For this part of the analysis, we looked at the news broadcasts of the National Remembrance Days on 4 May, 30 June/1 July discussed before, but also 9 May, which is Europe Day commemorating the signing of the Schuman Declaration of 9 May 1950.

4 May 2016

The news broadcast of the National Broadcasting Foundation paid significant attention to the National Remembrance Day on 4 May 2016. The commemoration was one of the three featured items that are show at the very start of the broadcast (next to a proposal by the European Commission to allow citizens from Turkey to travel without visa to the EU and clashes in Ede, one of the smaller towns in the Netherlands with over a 100.000 inhabitants).

The news item dealing with the Remembrance Day was shown last but took most time (4,5 minutes compared to 2 minutes covering the victory of Donald Trump in the Republican primaries for the US presidential elections in Indiana and withdrawal of his last two competitors Ted Cruz and John Kasich and 2 minutes about a court case about a rape). The scheduling of the Remembrance Day as last could be due to the fact this item, because of its recurring nature, is less news-worthy.

The coverage of the Remembrance Day started with a statement of who is being remembered on May 4^th, followed by three parts. The first part focused on the different ceremonies that took place in the country, where politicians (and in one case a decorated resistance fighter) spoke during the ceremony at remembrance sites connected to the Second World War. This was the case with the Prime Minster (mr. Mark Rutte) at the remembrance site at Loenen (where 4,000 war victims are buried), the speaker of the House of Representatives (ms. Khadja Arib) at the Second Chamber of the Dutch Parliament, the Mayor of Rotterdam (mr. Ahmed Aboutaleb) and the Mayor of Utrecht (mr. Jan van Zanen). It was interesting to see how the different ceremonies were slightly different from each other, due to both the speakers and the sites. For example, one site (the Jewish Monument in Utrecht, next to the Dutch Railway Museum) was specifically dedicated to commemorate the Jews that died in Second World War, one speech (by mr. Ahmed Aboutaleb, in Rotterdam) focused specifically on the 3.500 sailors that died during wars, and one speech (by ms. Khadja Arib at the House of Representatives) focused on the people that are fleeing war in the present.

The second part focused on the main ceremony that takes place in Amsterdam and is broadcasted on all three national channels (NPO1, NPO2 and NPO3) simultaneously. The news anchor interviewed a journalist that was at the site and directed the conversion towards changes of the ceremony compared to previous editions. This implies that most viewers are already familiar with the main concept of the ceremony. The main change that was mentioned where the introduction of two big screens on the sides of the National Monument in which children and grandchildren of the people that participate in the ceremony (Dutch royalty, politicians, military, and people that experienced the war) explain why the wreath (circular bands of flowers) are laid at the monument, for whom and in honour of which events. The reason for this chance is that increasingly few people are able to explain this from personal experience and it is less normal that their descendants know what happened in the Netherlands and the Dutch Indies. The anchor reminded the viewers to see the national ceremony live later that day.

The third part focused on a ceremony that first commemoration specifically targeting children at Madurodam, which is a miniature park created in memory of George Maduro, on initiative of his parents. George Maduro died in service during World War 2 and received one of the highest military honour (the Willemsorde) for his contribution to the war. 2016 was a special year as it marked the 100^th birth year of George Maduro. The news items showed footage of the children preparing a play about Maduro and the interviews of three people at the site (including the director, the youth “mayor” of Madurodam, who give a speech, and a girl who would played the trumpet as part of the ceremony. Emphasis was put on the courage and loyalty of George Maduro as war hero.

There was no original footage or further background information about the military conflicts that were commemorated. Although the commemoration is dedicated to the victims of all wars and peace-keeping mission, all attention was given to commemoration of the Second World War. All the people that were presenting the past, were politicians and children, not historians.

9 May 2016

The news broadcast of the National Broadcasting Foundation paid no attention to the commemoration of Europe Day on 9 May 2016. The broadcast did pay attention to the celebration in Russia on the 9^th of May on which they celebrate the victory of the Soviet Union over Nazi-Germany in 1945. There is one moment when the European Union is mentioned, explaining that professor Turkish languages and cultures Erik-Jan Zürcher is returning a price he won in 2005. He felt that Turkey is becoming a dictatorial state and that the Turkish people are becoming more and more separate from the European Union.

30 June 2016

The news broadcast of the National Broadcasting Foundation paid some attention to the Remembrance of the Abolition of Slavery. The Remembrance ceremony is mentioned as the last item of the day, again, possibly because the recurring nature of commemoration events make them less newsworthy. The coverage of the Remembrance Ceremony focussed mainly on the protests and chaos that happened during remembrance ceremony. The protests were done by people who were afraid that there would not be enough attention for the commemoration of the abolition of slavery because of the decision that the remembrance ceremony and the keti-koti festival would take place on different days. The people protesting was not interviewed in the item so you could not hear their reasoning.[45]

Most attention has been given to the 4 May Remembrance Day, then the other Remembrance Days, in the national news broadcast. Europe Day was not mentioned at all.

Conclusion TV

The history offer on TV and the internet in the Netherlands mainly looks at history through a national lens. The history offer on TV mostly consist of national productions co-financed with public money in the form of history documentaries. The most watched programmes are part of a series giving an overview of national history in a particular period. Recently, there are more movies being produced commercially. These commercial movies focus on national heroes.

In terms of remembrance, most attention is given to remembering the victims of the Second World War from the Netherland. There is an official Remembrance Day commemorating the end of slavery on 1 July, but except for the news broadcast, it does not impact the offer on TV. No TV programmes are related to the celebration of Europe Day and is not mentioned in the news as well.

Annex 1. Full texts of the #geen4meivoormij and #wel4meivoormij posts.

post by Christa Noëlla

“I always participated out of respect in the 4 May Remembrance Ceremony commemorating the dead. This year I decided not to participate [in this ceremony] any more. I belief that the 4 May Remembrance Ceremony has lost its value because of the hypocrisy of the [Dutch] society. For me, 4 May, has no purpose when we allow the rise of fascism and hatred of Muslims to happen. In addition, I believe that the history of my ancestors, should also be remembered. I don’t want to join in a Euro-centric approach to history, where the history of white people is more important than the history of non-white people, which is a history in which the Netherlands had a very important role. I cannot remember the victims of fascism with a straight face, when we allow Nazi’s to march in Dutch cities every month, under the banner of freedom of speech. How can we agree amongst ourselves that this terrible past is never allowed to happen, when in the meantime we are bombing Syria? I don’t join the 4 May Remembrance Ceremony. I think it is a much more beautiful sign if we provide a better future for the young generation, by fighting fascism in the present and by decolonization. Especially because we should learn from the past and not forget. #geen4meivoormij”[46]

post by Brain

DUTCHIES: I have to get something of my chest. Just now I saw a post on Facebook by a young woman who very explicitly is not going to commemorate 4 May. Alongside her post shines a picture with the text “No 4 May for me”. She calls the society hypocritical and says she does not want to participate in what she calls a Euro-centric society where white history is more important than not-white history. As a child, I always used to be the one laying the wreath during the annual national 4 May Remembrance Ceremony. I witnessed how elderly people were crying of sadness, how public speakers where stuttering because of emotions, and how children were hugging each other when they realised that something terrible as this [World War 2 and the Holocaust] had really happened in our country. Those people who lived through the war were left with terrible inner wounds, and I may be bitter, but I find the Facebookpost of this young lady lacking so much respect, that I am disgusted by it. Why would you not honour an important Remembrance Day, solely to make a point about something totally different? And, more importantly, why would you associate yourself with such a statement, when you know it is lacking respect towards the victims, the descendants and Dutch history in general? The way in which she makes her point is unique, but she lacks respect for the dead of the war from the past, and has no respect for the young people who were mown down at the beaches of Normandy in order to liberate us [in the Netherlands]. And all of this, whilst it would be possible for her to make a point without involving the 4 May Remembrance Day. For the moment, enough about this young lady, I will come back to her later.

The original meaning of the 4 May Remembrance Day was only to commemorate the Dutch victims from the Second World War. Since 1961 a broader definition of the Remembrance Day is officially used to remember ALL victims and people who died since the outbreak of the Second World War, therefore also including people from different races and nationalities. The official statement about the 4 May Remembrance Days is as follows: “During the National Remembrance Ceremony we commemorate everyone – civilians and military – who died or were killed in the Kingdom of the Netherlands or anywhere in the world during war and peace missions since the outbreak of the Second World War”.

Therefore, the Netherlands is not self-centred at all, but rather emphatic in the way the 4 May Remembrance Day is held. It even remembers people who died during peace missions, such as Lebanon, Bosnia[-Herzegovina] or Afghanistan. Does Turkey remember all the dead from Afghanistan? Does Morocco, remember the dead from Syria? Does Surinam remember all the dead from Bosnia or Kosovo?

One day later, on 5 May, the liberation [of the Netherlands] from the German occupiers is celebrated. A day where in 1945 million people were liberated from repression, hunger and torture. On 15 August, the Indian [Indonesian] community in the Netherlands is celebrating Independence Day because of the Japanese surrender in the Dutch-Indies in 1945. Also, on these days the Netherlands is not self-centred.

Let me return to the young lady from the Facebook post. She says that she is not able to commemorate the victims of Fascism with a straight face when we allow Nazi’s to march in Dutch cities every month, under the banner of freedom of speech. She writes: “How can we agree amongst ourselves that this terrible past is never allowed to happen, when in the meantime we are bombing Syria?”

We? WE?!

In the meantime, young lady, WE are proving shelter in our tiny country at the moment to more than 42.000 refugees, of which well over 43% comes from Syria, and others from Iraq, Afghanistan and Eritrea. This number has increased almost five-fold compared to 2014. In the meantime, young lady, I am part of the society that you are all treating the same, whilst you imply that you are against generalisations and discrimination. In the meantime, young lady, I am part of the group of homosexuals that are in THIRTEEN countries in the Middle East alone, will be punished when they express their feelings. In Iran, Saudi-Arabia and Yemen homosexuals getting the dead penalty is in the order of the day, and also on Gaza and Turkish-Cyprus being homosexual is a criminal offense. In the meantime, young lady, my driving instructor is Suriname, my [music] band member is Belgian, one of my music crew is Jewish and my best female friend is a Muslim. In the meantime, young lady, I am together with million other people in the Netherlands, both autochthone and allochthone, doing my very best to make a beautiful future inside our country. That is also “US”… Your intentions are probably good, and your attempt noble, but if you don’t treat others with respect, don’t expect to be respected in return. On 4 May I will take part in the Remembrance Ceremony, just because I have respect for other, regardless of their sexual orientation, colour or race. #WEL4MEIVOORMIJ”.[47]

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Notes:

[1]              NPO is an acronym of Nederlandse Publieke Omroep, which translates to National Public Broadcaster. This broadcaster receives funding from the Dutch Government.

[2]              RTL is part of the RT Group, a commercial company that owns radio and TV channels in many European countries, with Bertelsmann currently as its main owner. RTL Netherlands is the result of several mergers, including merger with Vereniging Veronica.

[3]              There used to be a fee to cover the cost of producing programmes for public channels paid by every household with a TV, but a law adopted in 1999 changed this into a system where the costs for production and broadcasting are paid by general tax money. The text of the law can be found here https://www.eerstekamer.nl/behandeling/19991228/publicatie_wet_4 (Accessed 30 December 2016).

[4]              Internet Movie Database, Andere Tijden TV Series, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1475261/ (Accessed 27 December 2016).

[5]              Internet Movie Database, De Gouden Eeuw TV Series, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2955322/ (Accessed 27 December 2016). The episodes of ‘De Gouden Eeuw’ are available at http://www.npo.nl/de-gouden-eeuw/POMS_S_VPRO_113119 (Accessed 27 December 2016).

[6]              Internet Movie Database, De IJzeren Eeuw TV Series, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4574744/ (Accessed 27 December 2016). The Iron Century refers to process of industrialisation that happened in the 19^th Century. The episodes of ‘De Ijzeren Eeuw’ are available at http://www.npo.nl/de-ijzeren-eeuw/VPWON_1262790 (Accessed 27 December 2016).

[7]              The episodes of ‘De Slavernij’ available at http://www.npo.nl/de-slavernij/POMS_S_NTR_125089 (Accessed 27 December 2016).

[8]              The official webpage of the series about liberation “Na de bevrijding” http://www.nadebevrijding.nl/ (Accessed 27 December 2016). The episodes of ‘Na de bevrijding’ are available at http://www.npo.nl/na-de-bevrijding/POMS_S_NTR_465238 (Accessed 27 December 2016).

[9]              Internet Movie Database, Het Koninkrijk TV Series, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4224124/ (Accessed 27 December 2016). The episodes of ‘Het Koninkrijk’ are available at http://www.npo.nl/nos-het-koninkrijk/POMS_S_NOS_508604 (Accessed 27 December 2016).

[10]            The episodes of ‘Drie Vorstinnen’ are available at http://www.npo.nl/drie-vorstinnen-van-oranje/POW_03204578 (Accessed 27 December 2016).

[11]            The episodes of ‘Drie Koningen’ are available at http://www.npo.nl/drie-koningen-van-oranje/POMS_S_MAX_425272 (Accessed 27 December 2016).

[12]            Internet Movie Database, In Europa TV Series, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1190697/ (Accessed 27 December 2016).

[13]            Internet Movie Database, Black Book, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0389557/ (Accessed 27 December 2016).

[14]            J.C.H. Blom, ‘Gezien: Zwartboek’, https://www.historischnieuwsblad.nl/nl/artikel/6859/gezien-zwartboek.html.

[15]            Internet Movie Database, Michiel de Ruyter, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2544766/ (Accessed 27 December 2016).

[16]            See http://www.historien.nl/michiel-de-ruyter-en-de-slavenhandel/ (Accessed 30 December 2016)

[17]            The remark about the VOC mentality refers to a statement by then Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende in 2006, who said that the Netherlands needed a VOC mentality. The VOC is the acronym of the Dutch East Indian Company. Balkenende was widely criticised for this remark because the Dutch East Indian Company was largely responsible for Colonialism and slavery.

[18]            Internet Movie Database, Kenau, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2512170/ (Accessed 27 December 2016).

[19]            Internet Movie Database, Nova Zembla, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1911607/ (Accessed 27 December 2016).

[20]            For comparison: The total population of the Netherlands is approximately 17 million people. Central Bureau of Statistics, https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/visualisaties/bevolkingsteller (Accessed 30 December 2016).

[21]            Internet Movie Database, The Young Victoria, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0962736/ (Accessed 30 December 2016).

[22]                   The descriptions of the different approaches are as follows: Analytical: the person who accounts for the past makes use of different perspectives, tries to emphasise more sides, describes confrontation between forces, situations, characters exhibiting similarities and differences. Emotional: the person who accounts for the past makes use of documents/stories aimed at creating an effect on spectators’ minds, especially as regards to stressing situations. Thematic (descriptive): all aspects of the programme relate to the same subject, without the aim of reaching a particular effect at the audience.

[23]            More information on Stichting Kijkonderzoek: https://www.kijkonderzoek.nl/about-sko (Accessed 24 June 2016).

[24]            Source: Stichting Kijkonderzoek.

[25]            News article published on the website of the community of Amsterdam, https://www.amsterdam.nl/stadsarchief/nieuws/verborgen-verleden/ (Accessed 24 June 2016).

[26]            Article with an interview with the presenter: https://www.televizier.nl/categorie/overig-tv-nieuws/presentator-hans-goedkoop-over-de-gouden-eeuw.11822.lynkx (Accessed 24 June 2016).

[27]            Ibid.

[28]            Before 1961 the commemoration was limited to the Dutch victims of the Second World War only.

[29]            http://www.4en5mei.nl/over-het-comite?gclid=CjwKEAjwtLO7BRDax4-I4_6G71USJAA6FjN1y9ttieCp7Acl3SL90H04xCuYaNWXLo2AP3Zgy3Xe-xoC3XTw_wcB (Accessed 24 June 2016).

[30]            http://www.30juni-1juli.nl/component/content/article/38-persberichten/104-persbericht-herdenking-afschaffing-slavernij.html (Accessed on 31 December 2016).

[31]            Source: Stichting Kijkonderzoek.

[32]                   The descriptions of the different approaches are as follows: Analytical: the person who accounts for the past makes use of different perspectives, tries to emphasise more sides, describes confrontation between forces, situations, characters exhibiting similarities and differences. Emotional: the person who accounts for the past makes use of documents/stories aimed at creating an effect on spectators’ minds, especially as regards to stressing situations. Thematic (descriptive): all aspects of the programme relate to the same subject, without the aim of reaching a particular effect at the audience.

[33]            Amsterdam had weer even zijn ‘hongerbrug’, NOS, http://nos.nl/artikel/2103237-amsterdam-had-weer-even-zijn-hongerbrug.html (Accessed on 31 December 2016.

[34]                   The descriptions of the different approaches are as follows: Analytical: the person who accounts for the past makes use of different perspectives, tries to emphasise more sides, describes confrontation between forces, situations, characters exhibiting similarities and differences. Emotional: the person who accounts for the past makes use of documents/stories aimed at creating an effect on spectators’ minds, especially as regards to stressing situations. Thematic (descriptive): all aspects of the programme relate to the same subject, without the aim of reaching a particular effect at the audience.

[35]            Source: Stichting Kijkonderzoek.

[36]                   The descriptions of the different approaches are as follows: Analytical: the person who accounts for the past makes use of different perspectives, tries to emphasise more sides, describes confrontation between forces, situations, characters exhibiting similarities and differences. Emotional: the person who accounts for the past makes use of documents/stories aimed at creating an effect on spectators’ minds, especially as regards to stressing situations. Thematic (descriptive): all aspects of the programme relate to the same subject, without the aim of reaching a particular effect at the audience.

[37]            The background to the 4 May and 5 May National Remembrance Days can be found in the previous section.

[38]            De Volkskrant 2 May 2016, http://www.volkskrant.nl/media/jonge-activisten-boycotten-4-mei-om-hypocrisie~a4293453/ (Accessed 24 June 2016).

[39]            https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2016/05/03/die-stille-twee-minuten-symboliseren-het-hedendaagse-fascisme-a1403437 (Accessed 27 December 2016).

[40]            Among others: http://www.nltimes.nl/2016/05/03/reject-remembrance-day-face-rising-fascism-islamophobia-activist/ (NL Times), http://www.metronieuws.nl/nieuws/binnenland/2016/05/ophef-vanwege-hashtag-geen4meivoormij (Metronieuws), http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2016/05/03/die-stille-twee-minuten-symboliseren-het-hedendaagse-fascisme (NRC), and http://nos.nl/artikel/2103030-vluchtelingen-moeten-weten-wat-we-op-4-mei-herdenken.html (NOS) (All accessed 24 June 2016).

[41]            http://forum.fok.nl/topic/2299612 (Accessed 27 December 2016).

[42]            The Post Online NL, http://media.tpo.nl/2016/05/02/harriet-duurvoort-zegt-neen-geen4meivoormij/ (Accessed 27 June 2016).

[43]            The debate on Black Peter has been ongoing in the Netherlands for decades, but has been fierce in recent years, following a statement by the United Nations’ Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent, on the conclusion of its official visit to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, 26 June-4 July 2014 (http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=14840&LangID=E, Accessed 27 December 2016) concluding that the figure of Black Pete is racist. Black Pete is part of the Saint Nicolas traditional celebration, in which children get presents, celebrated by most people in The Netherlands. The issue is that Black Pete traditionally is black-faced, and has other features (such as red lips, golden earrings, clothing and afro hair) that part of the negro stereotype, seen as offensive in most countries, that he used to be a scary figure and now is a silly figure. Critics point out the similarities between Black Pete and these negative stereotypes, the fact that some young children associate Black Pete with black people, and past of the Netherlands in terms of colonies and slavery. Most defenders of the tradition point out that their intensions are not racists and see the critics as a threat to the national heritage and identity. The debate has led to changes over the last few years, but the changes are too fast and too significant for some, and too slow and too insignificant for others.

[44]            The golden carriage refers to another controversy about history in the Netherlands. The golden carriage plays a central role during the annual Prinsjesdag ceremony when the King and Queen travel in the carriage as part of a parade from the royal palace in The Hague to the Ridderzaal (next to the parliament) where the King gives his state of the union address. The golden carriage is controversial because of an image on the side portraying enslaved people who are black in an uncritical manner. Critics say that it is inappropriate for an object which such an image to play such a central role during a national ceremony, especially given the colonial past of the Netherlands, and would like to see the golden carriage not being used, or to be put in a museum. Supports of the golden carriage, either say that slavery and the colonial past are part of the history of the Netherlands and that the past should not be white-washed, or say that people should not be so sensitive and that traditions should be respected.

[45]            For a full overview and more detailed information about all programs, please have a look at Annex file II: Detailed analysis per TV program.

[46]            Original Text (in Dutch): “Ik heb altijd uit respect meegedaan aan de Dodenherdenking op 4 mei. Dit jaar heb ik besloten om er niet meer aan mee te doen. Ik vind dat de Dodenherdenking zijn waarde heeft verloren door de hypocrisie van de samenleving. Voor mij heeft 4 mei geen zin wanneer we het opkomende fascisme en moslimhaat in Nederland gewoon zijn gang laten gaan. Daarnaast vind ik dat de geschiedenis van mijn voorouders ook herdacht moet worden. Ik wil niet meedraaien in een eurocentrische samenleving waar witte geschiedenis belangrijker is dan de niet-witte geschiedenis, waar Nederland een zeer belangrijke rol in heeft gespeeld. Ik kan niet met een stalen gezicht de slachtoffers van fascisme herdenken wanneer wij elke maand nazi’s laten rond marcheren in de Nederlandse steden onder het mom van vrijheid van meningsuiting. Hoe kunnen wij het ermee eens zijn dat dit vreselijke verleden nooit meer mag gebeuren terwijl wij ondertussen bommen op Syrië gooien? Ik doe niet meer mee aan Dodenherdenking. Ik denk dat het een veel mooier signaal is als wij een betere toekomst kunnen achterlaten voor de jongere generatie door het hedendaags fascisme te bestrijden en door te dekoloniseren. Juist omdat wij moeten leren van het verleden en niet moeten vergeten,”.

[47]            Translated from: “DUTCHIES: Mij moet iets van het hart. Zojuist zag ik een post op Facebook van een jonge vrouw die zeer uitdrukkelijk geen 4 Mei gaat herdenken. Bij haar post prijkt een foto met de tekst “Geen 4 Mei Voor Mij”. Ze noemt de samenleving hypocriet en geeft aan dat ze niet wil meedraaien in een volgens haar eurocentrische samenleving waar witte geschiedenis belangrijker is dan de niet-witte geschiedenis. Als kind was ik steevast een kranslegger tijdens de jaarlijkse nationale Dodenherdenking. Ik heb daarbij bejaarden zien huilen van verdriet, publieke sprekers horen stotteren van emotie en kinderen zien knuffelen nadat bij hun het besef was binnengedrongen dat zoiets vreselijks dan toch echt gebeurd was in ons land. Zij die de oorlog hebben meegemaakt hebben hieraan vreselijke innerlijke wonden overgehouden en misschien ben ik bitter maar de Facebookpost van deze jongedame vind ik dermate respectloos dat ik er van moet walgen. Waarom zou je een belangrijke herdenkingsdag niet eren enkel en alleen om een statement te maken over heel iets anders? En nog belangrijker, waarom zou je zo’n dag met je statement associëren als je weet dat dit heel respectloos is naar slachtoffers, nabestaanden en de Nederlandse geschiedenis in zijn algemeenheid? Uniek dat ze zo haar punt maakt, maar dan heeft ze totaal geen respect voor de oorlogsdoden uit het verleden en geen respect voor de jonge mannen die op de stranden van Normandië zijn neergemaaid om ons te bevrijden. En dat terwijl ze ook haar punt had kunnen maken zonder daarbij Dodenherdenking te betrekken. Voor nu even genoeg over deze dame. Daar kom ik zo op terug.De oorspronkelijke opzet van Dodenherdenking ging uitsluitend om de Nederlandse slachtoffers in de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Sinds 1961 wordt officieel een ruimere definitie van Dodenherdenking gehanteerd die ALLE oorlogsslachtoffers of omgekomenen sinds het uitbreken van de Tweede Wereldoorlog omvat, dus óók mensen van andere rassen en nationaliteiten. Het officiële gedenkschrift voor Dodenherdenking op 4 mei luidt:

“Tijdens de Nationale Herdenking herdenken wij allen – burgers en militairen – die in het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden of waar ook ter wereld zijn omgekomen of vermoord sinds het uitbreken van de Tweede Wereldoorlog, in oorlogssituaties en bij vredesoperaties.”

Nederland toont zich dus totaal niet eenkennig maar juist eerder begripvol bij de invulling van Dodenherdenking en herdenkt zelfs mensen die zijn omgekomen bij vredesoperaties zoals in Libanon, Bosnië of Afghanistan. In Turkije, herdenken ze daar alle doden van Afghanistan? In Marokko, herdenken ze daar alle doden van Syrië? In Suriname, herdenken ze daar alle doden van Bosnië / Kosovo?

Een dag later, op 5 mei, wordt de bevrijding van de Duitse bezetting gevierd. Een dag waarop in 1945 miljoenen mensen werden bevrijd van onderdrukking, honger en marteling. Op 15 augustus viert de Indische gemeenschap binnen Nederland Bevrijdingsdag vanwege de Japanse capitulatie in Nederlands-Indië in 1945. Ook op deze dag(en) toont Nederland zich dus niet eenkennig.

Terug naar de jongedame van de Facebookpost. Ze zegt dat ze niet met een stalen gezicht de slachtoffers van fascisme kan herdenken wanneer wij elke maand nazi’s laten rond marcheren in de Nederlandse steden. Ze schrijft: “Hoe kunnen wij het ermee eens zijn dat dit vreselijke verleden nooit meer mag gebeuren terwijl wij ondertussen bommen op Syrië gooien?”

Wij? WIJ?!

Ondertussen, jongedame, vangen WIJ hier in ons kleine kikkerlandje in opvangcentra door het gehele land momenteel meer dan 42.000 vluchtelingen op, waarvan ruim 43% afkomstig is uit Syrië maar ook mensen uit respectievelijk Irak, Afghanistan en Eritrea. Dit aantal is bijna vervijfvoudigd tegenover de cijfers van 2014. Ondertussen, jongedame, hoor ik bij die maatschappij die jij over één kam scheert terwijl je zelf impliceert dat je tegen generalisatie en discriminatie bent. Ondertussen, jongedame, hoor ik bij de doelgroep homoseksuelen die in DERTIEN landen in alleen al het Midden Oosten gestraft wordt bij het uiten van hun gevoelens. In Iran, Saoedi-Arabië en Jemen kunnen homo’s aan de orde van de dag zelfs de doodstraf krijgen en ook in Gaza en op Turks Cyprus is homoseksualiteit strafbaar. Ondertussen, jongedame, is mijn rij-instructeur een Surinamer, mijn bandmaatje een Belg, een van mijn geluidsmensen Joods en mijn beste vriendin een moslim. Ondertussen, jongedame, doe ik elke dag samen met miljoenen andere Nederlanders, zowel autochtoon als allochtoon, enorm mijn best om een mooie toekomst te maken binnen ons land. Ook dát zijn “WIJ”… Je intentie is waarschijnlijk goed en je poging is nobel, maar als je geen respect kunt opbrengen voor een ander, verwacht dan ook geen respect terug. Op 4 Mei neem ik dus wél deel aan Dodenherdenking, gewoon omdat ik dat respect over heb voor een ander, ongeacht sexuele voorkeur, kleur of ras. #WEL4MEIVOORMIJ”

A collage made by the authors